Explanation of Phases in the Cell Cycle DNA Repair: DNA repair is an essential biological process that can take place at different phases in the cell cycle to safeguard genomic integrity and preventing propagation of errors. So a DNA repair work on different stages examined as follows :
G1 Phase
Function: Cells check their DNA for damage during G1 phase of the cell cycle to pass (or not) into synthesis phase. This checkpoint opens stop gate for replication if cells have defective DNA.
Mechanism: the G1 Checkpoint utilizes proteins such as p53 to stop the While Cell Cycle, so repair mechanisms can attempt to mend any damage detected. If it cannot be repaired, the affected cell may undergo apoptosis in order to avoid transmitting dangerous mutations12.
S Phase
Role: During the S phase, DNA is copied. The cell would bring into action repair mechanisms to rectify these errors in this crucial process.
Mechanism: Cells use an intra-S phase checkpoint to stop replication, if any problem is noticed. These include signaling pathways activate DNA repair proteins to help prevent errors from being passed on during replication23.
G2 Phase
Action: Cells go in G2 phase where they are getting ready for mitosis. This phase also involves DNA quality check.DNA Repair (ad)
Mechanism: If damage is detected, G2 checkpoint halts mitosis until the damage is addressed. For instance, proteins such as the checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 are critical in this regard, activating repair pathways, while suppressing progression into mitosis in the face of incomplete DNA34.
Collectively, these checkpoints integrate DNA repair mechanisms with cell cycle progression to aid in genomic stability and tumor suppression.
